Poland

West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl at Auschwitz Birkenau. He is being addressed by Heinz Galinski, a German Jew who was deported from Berlin to Auschwitz with his mother and wife in 19421. They were murdered there; he survived. November, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and the West German press corps during his visit to Auschwitz concentration camp. November, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

West German Chancellor Kohl at the monument to the Warsaw Ghetto uprising in the old Jewish ghetto of Warsaw, which was razed by German troops when the last Jews to be deported in 1943 chose to fight a suicidal battle of resistance. January, 1970 Poland Warsaw

West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl stands before a wall in Auschwitz where prisoners were shot by German trooops. November, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

Children's shoes in a display case at the Auschwitz concentration camp. January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

The city morgue of Lublin had just received the skeletons of 110 bodies that had just been found an excavated outside the Majdanek concentration camp. Workers in the morgue said they assumed they were Jewish, and seemed to be families. They had all been shot. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

The city morgue of Lublin had just received the skeletons of 110 bodies that had just been found an excavated outside the Majdanek concentration camp. Workers in the morgue said they assumed they were Jewish, and seemed to be families. They had all been shot, presumably by German troops. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

The city morgue of Lublin had just received the skeletons of 110 bodies that had just been found an excavated outside the Majdanek concentration camp. Workers in the morgue said they assumed they were Jewish, and seemed to be families. They had all been shot, presumably by German troops. January, 1970 Poland Lublin

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

Ruins of gas chambers and crematoria. I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

Crematoria in Auschwitz. October, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Auschwitz

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

I took these pictures at Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Guardian Magazine (UK) In Janauary 1995, shortly before events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the camp by the Soviet Army, January, 1995 Poland Birkenau

Tourist at Auschwitz. October, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

On the grounds of the crematorium at Majdanek, near Lublin, sits this memorial. Inside is a huge mountain of human ash. November, 1989 Poland Majdanek

Site of crematoria at Birkenau October, 1989 Poland Birkenau

Remains of the gas chambers and crematoria. October, 1989 Poland Birkenau

Remains of the gas chambers and crematoria at Birkenau. October, 1989 Poland Birkenau

The city morgue of Lublin had just received the skeletons of 110 bodies that had just been found an excavated outside the Majdanek concentration camp. Workers in the morgue said they assumed they were Jewish, and seemed to be families. They had all been shot. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

The city morgue of Lublin had just received the skeletons of 110 bodies that had just been found an excavated outside the Majdanek concentration camp. Workers in the morgue said they assumed they were Jewish, and seemed to be families. They had all been shot. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

The city morgue of Lublin had just received the skeletons of 110 bodies that had just been found an excavated outside the Majdanek concentration camp. Workers in the morgue said they assumed they were Jewish, and seemed to be families. They had all been shot. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Coroner's table near the crematoria. October, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

In the museum at Auschwitz. October, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

Auschwitz. October, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

Perimeter fence at Auschwitz. October, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

Controls for the gas chamber at Majdanek. November, 1989 Poland Majdanek

West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl placing a wreath at the Ghetto Fighter's Memorial in Warsaw. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Jiri Laufer holds one of the wooden toys he made for SS soldiers in Terezin during the war. Because he made these for them, they did not deport him to Auschwitz. March, 1989 Poland Jiri

Recently restored synagogue of Lublin. Ronald S Lauder underwrote the restoration. November, 1989 Poland Lodz

Street scene: Warsaw November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Street scene: Cracow October, 1989 Poland Cracow

Street scene: Cracow October, 1989 Poland Cracow

Street scene: Cracow November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Liberal synagogue in Cracow. November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Entrance to liberal (non-orthodox) synagogue in Cracow, shortly before restoration work began. November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Inarguably the most beautiful synagogue in Poland, this small orthodox synagogue is in southeastern Poland, in what was once Galicia. It was built for Jews serving on the estate of Count Potowki in the 1700s. The synagogue was undergoing restoration when I visited it in 1989. No Jews live in the surrounding area. November, 1989 Poland Lancut

Inarguably the most beautiful synagogue in Poland, this small orthodox synagogue is in southeastern Poland, in what was once Galicia. It was built for Jews serving on the estate of Count Potowki in the 1700s. The synagogue was undergoing restoration when I visited it in 1989. No Jews live in the surrounding area. November, 1989 Poland Lancut

Street scene: Lodz November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Street scene: Lublin November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Street scene: Lublin November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Jewish cemetery in Lublin. Much of the cemetery had been destroyed and desecrated when I visited it in 1989. Only a handful of Jews remained in the city then. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Market square in Cracow. November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Jewish cemetery in Katowice. It had formerly been a German city, and therefore, a German Jewish cemetery. It lay in sad repair when I visited it in 1989 and there had been much desecration. November, 1989 Poland Katowice

Evening gathering at the Jewish youth club in Katowice. The young blonde man is not Jewish. He is one of the few ethnic Germans living in the city (nearly all were expelled in 1945 when this part of Germany was ceded to Poland). He told me that he felt a comraderie with Jews -- he felt both Germans and Jews were discriminated against by Poles. November, 1989 Poland Katowice

Coffee house Jana Michailova in Cracow. November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Katyn was the site where Stalin had thousands of Polish officers murdered. Exhibitions such as this were forbidden during most of the communist period. Note the racial typing in the face of the villian... November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

JDC supported soup kitchen in Warsaw. Some 3,500 elderly Polish Holocaust survivors were being helped by JDC in the late 1980s. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

JDC supported soup kitchen in Warsaw. Some 3,500 elderly Polish Holocaust survivors were being helped by JDC in the late 1980s. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Breakfast break in the Ronald S Lauder Jewish high school in Warsaw. Shortly after the fall of communism in 1989, the Lauder Foundation established a Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, which grew, over the next decade, into a grade school and high school for some 250 Jewish students. Not EVERY student is Jewish, but the majority have at least one Jewish parent, and the school aids them in establishing a genuine Jewish identity. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Breakfast break in the Ronald S Lauder Jewish high school in Warsaw. Shortly after the fall of communism in 1989, the Lauder Foundation established a Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, which grew, over the next decade, into a grade school and high school for some 250 Jewish students. Not EVERY student is Jewish, but the majority have at least one Jewish parent, and the school aids them in establishing a genuine Jewish identity. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Breakfast break in the Ronald S Lauder Jewish high school in Warsaw. Shortly after the fall of communism in 1989, the Lauder Foundation established a Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, which grew, over the next decade, into a grade school and high school for some 250 Jewish students. Not EVERY student is Jewish, but the majority have at least one Jewish parent, and the school aids them in establishing a genuine Jewish identity. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Student in the Lauder High School in Warsaw showing off his class project: NBA basketball. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Sample of documents from the Ronald S Lauder Jewish Genealogical Center in Warsaw. Hundreds of Poles have used to archive to explore old family documents hidden away at home in order to prove that their families had been Jewish. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Sample of documents from the Ronald S Lauder Jewish Genealogical Center in Warsaw. Hundreds of Poles have used to archive to explore old family documents hidden away at home in order to prove that their families had been Jewish. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Sample of documents from the Ronald S Lauder Jewish Genealogical Center in Warsaw. Hundreds of Poles have used to archive to explore old family documents hidden away at home in order to prove that their families had been Jewish. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Sample of documents from the Ronald S Lauder Jewish Genealogical Center in Warsaw. Hundreds of Poles have used to archive to explore old family documents hidden away at home in order to prove that their families had been Jewish. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Sample of documents from the Ronald S Lauder Jewish Genealogical Center in Warsaw. Hundreds of Poles have used to archive to explore old family documents hidden away at home in order to prove that their families had been Jewish. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Sample of documents from the Ronald S Lauder Jewish Genealogical Center in Warsaw. Hundreds of Poles have used to archive to explore old family documents hidden away at home in order to prove that their families had been Jewish. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Karina Sokolovska, a leader in the Warsaw Jewish Youth Club, works in the JDC office, creating programs for Jewish children and high school students. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Karina Sokolovska, a leader in the Warsaw Jewish Youth Club, works in the JDC office, creating programs for Jewish children and high school students. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Piotr Kadelchik, vice president of the Jewish community of Warsaw, Piotr grew up not knowing he was Jewish, as his mother had not told him. She had been hidden as a baby during the Holocaust by a non Jewish family. Piotr immediately became active May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. This section is a mass grave, where those who starved to death in the Warsaw Ghetto were buried during the war. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Agota, left, was born in Poznan, which barely had a Jewish community. Spotted by JDC, Agota attended a Buncher Leadership training seminar and now works for the Warsaw Jewish community. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Children in the Ronald S Lauder Foundation Jewish kindergarten in Warsaw, where some 40 children attend. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

The Warsaw Jewish cemetery is said to be the largest in all Europe, with well over 150,000 graves. With many sections of the cemetery overgrown, the Jewish community maintains as much as it can. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Karina Sokolova, a Warsaw Jewish leader and employee of JDC, with Bill Bernstein, left, and Ted Slavin, of Los Angeles during their visit to Poland. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

Jewish cemetery in Cracow. Most of the cemeteries were destroyed during and after the Holocaust; this one, attached to the medieval Remu synagogue, remained intact and is well maintained. May, 2001 Poland Cracow

In Kazimierz, the old Jewish quarter of Cracow. the indention on the doorway shows that a menorah had once been there. May, 2001 Poland Cracow

May, 2001 Poland Cracow

A synagogue in Cracow, no longer used because of the paucity of Jews, is now a museum. May, 2001 Poland Cracow

Ted Slavin, a contributor to the Los Angeles Jewish federation, poses with members of the Warsaw Jewish youth club. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

A synagogue in Cracow, no longer used because of the paucity of Jews, is now a museum. May, 2001 Poland Cracow

Detail: interior of the Remu synagogue in Cracow. May, 2001 Poland Cracow

In the Warsaw Jewish community center's community center, which is open to all community members. May, 2001 Poland Warsaw

View of the Birkenau death camp May, 2001 Poland Auschwitz

Portraits of those murdered at Auschwitz: Jews, Poles, others. May, 2001 Poland Auschwitz

Polish school children on a tour of Auschwitz. May, 2001 Poland Auschwitz

Artist restoring the interior of a Cracow synagogue. No longer used as a house of prayer because of the paucity of Jews, the synagogue reopened in the 1990s as a museum. November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Anti-semitic graffiti on a Warsaw street. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Anti-semitic grafffiti on a Warsaw street. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

The Jewish cemetery in Katowice, a city that had once been in Germany (hence the German language tombstones). November, 1989 Poland Katowice

The Jewish cemetery in Katowice, a city that had once been in Germany (hence the German language tombstones). May, 1989 Poland Katowice

Ancient gravestone in the Jewish cemetery next to the Remu cemetery. May, 2001 Poland Cracow

I have never seen a Jewish cemetery so desecreted as the one in Lublin-- this tombstone had been hit with a shotgun. Others had been battered with hammers, still others simply kicked over. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

I saw this tombstone in an open field about an hour southwest of Warsaw-- no town nearby, no remnant of a Jewish cemetery--- just this. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

An exquisite synagogue dating from the 17th century, had been destroyed and abandoned. Many synagogues in Poland were in far worse shape than this. November, 1989 Poland Rymanov

Kazimierz on the Vistula is a small resort town in central Poland. Most of its Jewish cemetery had been destroyed, and these tombstones reminded me of mushrooms among the trees of the forest. January, 1970 Poland Kazimierz on the Vistula

Anti semitic graffiti on a street in Wroclaw. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Graffiti showing a Jewish star and a hangman's noose in Lodz, a city with less than 100 Jews. November, 1989 Poland Lodz

Synagogue in Lodz, which was restored by Ronald S Lauder. May, 1989 Poland Lodz

The sole remaining tombstone in an abondoned field near Lublin. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Memorial for those who died at Mila 18 in the Warsaw Ghetto. The memorial had been splattered with black paint. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

This historian, who is not Jewish, has made a research project of Jewish tombstones throughout Poland. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Lublin Jewish cemetery. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Remnants of the Jewish cemetery of Lesko, a small town in southeasternmost Poland. November, 1989 Poland Lesko

Remnants of the Jewish cemetery of Lesko, a small town in southeasternmost Poland. November, 1989 Poland Lesko

Entrance to the impressive Jewish cemetery of Wroclaw, which had been the German city of Breslau before the Warsaw. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

The Jewish cemetery in Warsaw, the largest in Europe. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

The Jewish cemetery in Warsaw, the largest in Europe. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Detail: Warsaw Jewish cemetery. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Gravestone in the Warsaw Jewish cemetery, reported to be the largest in Europe. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

The Noszick synagogue of Warsaw, the last remaining Jewish house of prayer in the city. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Jewish cemetery attached to the Remu synagogue in Poland, which dates back to the 14th century. November, 1989 Poland Cracow

View of the Nazi death camp of Majdanek. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Majdanek, the Nazi death camp. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

The Nazi run death camp in Majdanek: detail. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Jewish cemetery and Holocaust memorial in a small Polish town. I no longer remember just where this was taken. November, 1989 Poland Lub lin

Street scene: Cracow November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Cracow November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Felix Karpman, the only Jew remaining in Gora Kalwaria in 1989, showed me what was left of the Jewish cemetery. He told me that the tombstones had all been removed and dumped by the river. He took a horse and wagon and brought some of them back. November, 1989 Poland Gora Kalwaria

Jewish cemetery in Wroclaw, which was the German city of Breslau before the war. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Gabriel Krajewski welcoming the photogapher to his home for dinner. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Interior of the synagogue in Lancut, in southeastern Poland. No Jews remain in the city, but the synagogue remains the most perfect example of medieval Polish synagogue architecture in the country. November, 1989 Poland Lancut

An anti semitic letter sent to the Warsaw Jewish community, relating the Solidarity movement to Jews. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

The medieval Remu synagogue in Cracow. November, 1989 Poland Cracow

Community leaders in their office in Wroclaw. The community was the most active outside of Warsaw, and by the mid 1990s had opened a Jewish school while the synagogue was restored. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Jakub Holzer at home. His father was the head of the Jewish community of Katowice. November, 1989 Poland Katowice

Anti semitic graffito in Katowice. November, 1989 Poland Katowice

This neo-classically designed synagogue was restored in the late 1990s. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Ruined Jewish cemetery in Gorlice, in south central Poland. The monument was built by the city. No Jews live in the city today. November, 1989 Poland Gorlice

Karczew Jewish cemetery. November, 1989 Poland Karcsew

Andrzej Trcinski has been recording the nearly forgotten artistry of Jewish gravestones for more than two decades. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Marker for Katowice Jews murdered in the Holocaust defaced with paint. November, 1989 Poland Katowice

Interior of the synagogue in Lancut, in what is today southeastern Poland (Galicia). The synagogue was built to accomodate Jews who worked on the Potocki estate. The Potockis fled the Nazis, the Jews were murdered, the synagogue fell to ruin. It was restored by the Polish government in the late 1980s. November, 1989 Poland Lancut

Former synagogue of Rzeszow, in Galicia, has been restored and turned into a research and study center on Jews of the region. November, 1989 Poland Rzeszow

Jewish cemtery in Lublin, where less than 35 Jews lived when I visited in 1989. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Emilia Leibel was born in Krakow and remained there. Her parents had been killed in Belzec, her daughter works in the Soviet Union. She taught in the Jewish orphanage after the war. She told me she watched the children sent off to Israel one by one, until she closed it in 1957. November, 1989 Poland Krakow

Simcha Waijs (behind), and the caretaker walk through the Lublin Jewish cemetery. Waijs was born in Lublin and moved to Warsaw. The caretaker said the cemetery was being plundered and desecrated so often he could not possibly keep up with the destruction. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

The main Jewish cemetery in Warsaw is one of the largest in the world, and certainly one of the most hauntingly beautiful. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

The main Jewish cemetery in Warsaw is one of the largest in the world, and certainly one of the most hauntingly beautiful. This is a monument to Warsaw ghetto fighters. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Monument made from destroyed gravestones.The main Jewish cemetery in Warsaw is one of the largest in the world, and certainly one of the most hauntingly beautiful. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Interior of the Noszik synagogue in Warsaw, the sole remaining Jewish house of prayer in a city that once had hundreds of shuls and 350,000 Jews. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

nterior of the Noszik synagogue in Warsaw, the sole remaining Jewish house of prayer in a city that once had hundreds of shuls and 350,000 Jews. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Interior of the synagogue in Lancut, in what is today southeastern Poland (Galicia). The synagogue was built to accomodate Jews who worked on the Potocki estate. The Potockis fled the Nazis, the Jews were murdered, the synagogue fell to ruin. It was restored by the Polish government in the late 1980s. November, 1989 Poland Lancut

Interior of the synagogue in Lancut, in what is today southeastern Poland (Galicia). The synagogue was built to accomodate Jews who worked on the Potocki estate. The Potockis fled the Nazis, the Jews were murdered, the synagogue fell to ruin. It was restored by the Polish government in the late 1980s. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Interior of the synagogue in Lancut, in what is today southeastern Poland (Galicia). The synagogue was built to accomodate Jews who worked on the Potocki estate. The Potockis fled the Nazis, the Jews were murdered, the synagogue fell to ruin. It was restored by the Polish government in the late 1980s. November, 1989 Poland Lancut

Interior of the synagogue in Lancut, in what is today southeastern Poland (Galicia). The synagogue was built to accomodate Jews who worked on the Potocki estate. The Potockis fled the Nazis, the Jews were murdered, the synagogue fell to ruin. It was restored by the Polish government in the late 1980s. November, 1989 Poland Lancut

Monument at Mila 18, where the Warsaw ghetto fighters made their last stand. It has been dashed with black paint. November, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Memorial plaque for Jews massacred by the non Jewish neighbors in 1946. Some 40 Jews, all of them refugees from the Holocaust, were set upon by Poles, who beat and killed them. November, 1989 Poland Kielce

Memorial plaque for Jews massacred by the non Jewish neighbors in 1946. Some 40 Jews, all of them refugees from the Holocaust, were set upon by Poles, who beat and killed them. November, 1989 Poland Kielce

Entrance to the reform synagogue of Krakow, which was built in the early 1900s. January, 1970 Poland Krakow

Memorial in the Warsaw Jewish cemetery to Janusz Korchak, director of the Warsaw Jewish orphanage, who accompanied his charges to the gas chambers of Treblinka. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Detail: Warsaw Jewish cemetery October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Jewish cemetery on the banks of the Vistula River in a small town near Warsaw. November, 1989 Poland Karczew

Priest's house in Sobienie, where the front yard is paved with Jewish gravestones. "The Germans did this, not my predecessor," he told me. I asked, "Haven't you had at least one weekend free since 1945 to dig them up?" November, 1989 Poland Sobienie

Priest's house in Sobienie, where the front yard is paved with Jewish gravestones. "The Germans did this, not my predecessor," he told me. I asked, "Haven't you had at least one weekend free since 1945 to dig them up?" November, 1989 Poland Sobienie

Monument outside Krakow commemorating where Jews had been murdered by the Nazis. November, 1989 Poland Krakow

Ruined Jewish cemetery in Gorlice, in south central Poland. The monument was built by the city. No Jews live in the city today. November, 1989 Poland Gorlice

Actor in Yiddish Theater, Warsaw October, 2016 Poland Warsaw

Emilia Kempinska survived the Holocaust by hiding with her neighbors, who protected her. She was living with her son and his family when I found her in 1989, the only Jew in the town. November, 1989 Poland Novfy Sacz

Crematoria apparatus, October, 1989 Poland Auschwitz

Remnants of the ruined cemetery in Kazimierz on the Vistula, a small resort town south of Warsaw. November, 1989 Poland Kazimierz on the Vistula

Recently restored synagogue of Lublin. Ronald S Lauder underwrote the restoration. October, 1989 Poland Lodz

Scouts asking Henryk Halkowski, one of the few Jews still living in Krakow, to show them how Hebrew letters are written. The boys are visiting the Jewish cemetery. November, 1989 Poland Krakow

Memorial for the Ghetto uprsising in Warsaw in 1943. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Umschlagplatz: collection center for the deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to be sent to the death camp of Treblinka. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Ruins of Jewish cemetery in Karczew, a small town on the Vistula river south of Warsaw. November, 1989 Poland Karczew

Preparing meals for elderly Jews in the JDC supported soup kitchen in Wroclaw November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Jewish youth in the Katowice Jewish community center. Around 100 people congregated around the community center and its activities. November, 1989 Poland Katowice

Workers in the community kitchen in Wroclaw. The community grew considerably since 1989, with nearly 300 people affiliated with the community. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Workers in the community kitchen in Wroclaw. The community grew considerably since 1989, with nearly 300 people affiliated with the community. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

In the soup kitchen in Warsaw. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

In the soup kitchen in Warsaw. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

View of the old town of Lublin, which had been mostly Jewish before the Holocaust. November, 1989 Poland Lublin

Monument to Jews murdered by the Nazis, just outside of Krakow. November, 1989 Poland Krakow

Jewish cemetery in Wroclaw. Before 1945, the city was in Germany, and most of the gravestones are written in German. Many have been pilfered. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Jewish cemetery in Wroclaw. Before 1945, the city was in Germany, and most of the gravestones are written in German. Many have been pilfered. November, 1989 Poland Wroclaw

Cemetery behind the ancient Remu syangogue. October, 1989 Poland Krakow

Memorial in the Warsaw Jewish cemetery. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Arthur Krol, a Righteous Gentile, in his home in Novy Sacz November, 1989 Poland Novy Sacz

Noszick synagogue, Warsaw. October, 1989 Poland Warsaw

Ceremonial hall at the Lodz Jewish cemetery November, 1989 Poland Lodz

Cemetery entrance, Lodz November, 1989 Poland Lodz

Former synagogue of Lesko, in Galicia, is now an art gallery, with exhibitions on the Jews of the town. November, 1989 Poland Lesko

Jewish cemetery in Lesko, which is now the southeasternmost town in Poland. November, 2016 Poland Lesko

The Jewish cemetery in this small town was destroyed, and after the war, this wall was erected, comprised of the destroyed gravestones. October, 2016 Poland Kazirierz on the Vistula

Jewish community center in Katowice. November, 1989 Poland Katowice