Germany

The director of the Cologne Nazi-period documentation archive holds up a copy of the German Jewish newspaper published directly after Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor in 1933. Subheading: "no reason to panic." This Nazi era documentation center is open to all students and researchers. If one wants to find the names of Jews from Cologne who were deported, one can search the records. If one wishes to find out the names of those German citizens who confiscated their houses, or, as Nazi party members, participated in their deportation, those records are protected by law and cannot be seen. March, 1993 Germany Cologne

Dr David Marwell holds a Nazi party book up for inspection. Marwell was the last director of the Berlin Document Center, which is comprised of tens of thousands of Nazi Party membership material, applications and letters. American troops stumbled upon a trainload of this material in Bavaria in the spring of 1945 and confiscated. In 1997, after being microfilmed, it was turned over to the German state. May, 1994 Germany Berlin

Holocaust Memorial in the inner courtyard of the Berlin Jewish community center on Fasanenstrasse. The names on the wall are those concentration camps and ghettos where the city's Jews were deported to during the Holocaust. November, 1987 Germany Berlin

Buchenwald, just outside of Weimar, was a concentration camp that saw approximately 20,000 Jewish inmates during World War Two. After the war, this was in East Germany, and the role of Jews during the Nazi period was relegated to a secondary position, below that of Communists. This plaque commemorates Kristallnacht, when thousands of Jewish men and boys were sent to the camp. May, 1991 Germany Buchenwald

I took this photograph of Israel's chief Rabbi Lau at a commemoration service of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Buchenwald in a hotel in Weimar. May, 1995 Germany Weimar

Survivors of the Dachau concentration camp making their way across the camp to a commemoration service on anniversary of the camp's liberation. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

A memorial wreath being delivered to the Dachau concentration camp just before the annual commemoration event, which takes place each May. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

Jewish survivors of Dachau at the commemoration service held in May 1992. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

An American activist from Miami (whose name I forgot) at the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the Buchenwald concentration camp. May, 1995 Germany Buchenwald

At the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, just outside of Weimar, was in East Germany from 1948-1989, and this event turned into a cacaphony of competing voices: angry young leftists protested against the German state, a small clutch of demonstrators whose family members were killed in the camp by the Communists( who used the camp after WW2) plus political prisoners and Jewish groups-- all participated and vigorously competed for podium time. May, 1995 Germany Buchenwald

Israeli youth orchestra at the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, just outside of Weimar, was in East Germany from 1948-1989, and this event turned into a cacaphony of competing voices: angry young leftists protested against the German state, a small clutch of demonstrators whose family members were killed in the camp by the Communists( who used the camp after WW2) plus political prisoners and Jewish groups-- - all participated and vigorously competed for podium time. May, 1995 Germany Buchenwald

At the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, just outside of Weimar, was in East Germany from 1948-1989, and this event turned into a cacaphony of competing voices: angry young leftists protested against the German state, a small clutch of demonstrators whose family members were killed in the camp by the Communists( who used the camp after WW2) plus political prisoners and Jewish groups-- - all participated and vigorously competed for podium time. May, 1995 Germany Buchenwald

A Jewish group of survivors saying Kaddish at the 50th anniverary commemoration of the liberation of Buchenwald. May, 1995 Germany Buchenwald

Young leftists protesting at the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Buchenwald. Their sign reads: Against history falsehoods: the destruction of Nazism with its roots is our solution: the struggle continues with the SDAJ (communist yourth organization) May, 1995 Germany Buchenwald

Together against social stripping and racism reads the sign, held by young leftists at the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Buchenwald. May, 1995 Germany Buchenwald

During the East German period, Jews were relegated to victims 2nd class and very little was taughtabout the Holocaust. In Sachsenhausen, however, there was a display dedicated to Jews and it was, as far as I know, the only one in the country. It was burned by young rightists in the early 1990s and rebuilt as a comprehensive museum dedicated to the Holocaust. November, 1988 Germany Sachsenhausen

The sign is a play on words: when East German protested against their regime, they chanted Wir Sind das Volk (we are the people). Before reunification with West Germany, they chanted Wir Sind Ein Volk (we are one people), and after the Jewish barracks was burned at Sachsenhausen, this woman brought this sign. June, 1993 Germany Sachsenhausen

Entrance to Dachau. November, 1987 Germany Dachau

A Bavarian brass band at the service commemorating the liberation of Dachau by American troops in May 1945. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

US Army color guard about enter Dachau during commemoration service on the date of liberation of the camp by US troops in 1945. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

Brass band about to perform at Dachau during commemoration service. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

Commemoration at Dachau. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

During commemoration service at Dachau. Sculpture is by Nandor Glid, a Jew from Belgrade. You can see photographs I took in his studio in our Yugoslav or Serbia section. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

In the foreground, Adolf Hitler's bunker. Beyond lies Potsdamer Platz. The Berlin Wall had been pulled down, but construction had not yet started. June, 1991 Germany Berlin

Jewish barracks at Sachsenhause, destroyed by rightist arsonists. June, 1993 Germany Sachsenhausen

Buchenwald, the concentration camp that sits just above Weimar. June, 1991 Germany Buchenwald

American Jewish Committee group conducting a memorial service at Buchenwald. June, 1991 Germany Buchenwald

Jewish group conducting memorial service at Dachau. May, 1992 Germany Dachau

Tour group at Sachsenhausen. November, 1989 Germany Sachsenhausen

A memorial plaque at the site of the former Jewish old age home, which was the collection site for sending 55,000 Berlin citizens to the death camps in Poland. The home was razed, as was the Jewish cemetery just beyond, where Moses Mendelssohn was buried. November, 1988 Germany Berlin